Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an ecosystem-based approach to crop protection that integrates biological, cultural, mechanical, physical, behavioural, botanical and chemical management practices to maintain pest populations below economically damaging levels. Modern agriculture faces increasing challenges from insect pests, mites, nematodes, plant pathogens, weeds and other organisms that adversely affect crop yield and quality. Historically, intensive dependence on chemical pesticides provided rapid pest suppression, but repeated and indiscriminate pesticide use has contributed to resistance, pest resurgence, secondary pest outbreaks, destruction of natural enemies, pesticide residues and environmental contamination. The approach therefore differs fundamentally from calendar-based or prophylactic pesticide application. Successful IPM requires an understanding of the crop ecosystem, pest biology, natural-enemy complexes, weather conditions, crop growth stages and economic thresholds. In India, IPM is supported through institutional research, extension programmes and crop-specific recommendations. The present chapter discusses the principles, components, monitoring techniques, economic thresholds, biological control, host plant resistance, biopesticides, judicious pesticide use, crop-specific approaches, digital technologies, limitations and future prospects of IPM in sustainable crop production.